The competencies from the IAM Advanced Rider Course Logbook v7 (2025) that you should be able to demonstrate
Source:IAM Advanced Rider Course Logbook v7, 2025
1. Human Factors ▼
The Rider
Put safety first in all riding judgements
▶
From the Logbook
No journey is so important that safety can be compromised
Never put yourself or others in harm's way
Example
If a planned overtake looks marginal, hold back. No single manoeuvre is worth the risk of a collision.
Remain calm and considerate of others at all times
▶
From the Logbook
Your decisions and actions may have an effect on other people
Road space needs to be shared, most successfully achieved when everyone communicates and cooperates
Comply with legislation and the Highway Code, and set a good example to other road users
Display courtesy to other road users
Example
A mistake by another road user can often be defused with just an apologetic wave rather than an aggressive response.
Always maintain concentration while riding
▶
From the Logbook
Concentration is "the action of focusing all one's attention"
Be able to focus on your riding while disregarding any unrelated factors
Be able to manage riding-related tasks, such as identifying road junctions or using satellite navigation
Example
If your mind wanders to a problem at work or home, recognise this loss of focus and pull over safely to reset before continuing.
Manage any external influences and distractions
▶
From the Logbook
Remain in charge and not be negatively influenced or distracted by a pillion passenger
First-time or inexperienced pillion riders are more likely to present a risk; help by giving instructions and advice
Hands-free telephones on motorcycles cause distraction and their use is discouraged despite being legal
Always pull over somewhere safe if you need to make or answer a call
Example
A nervous pillion who grabs your shoulders mid-corner is a distraction. Brief them before the ride on how to sit, lean, and hold on.
Change your plans if any factor is likely to impair your performance or decision making
▶
From the Logbook
Be aware of any physical influences that might impair your decision making and ability to ride safely
If you feel tired or experience physical discomfort while riding, consider whether you can still fully concentrate
If you feel angry, frustrated, anxious or frightened, find somewhere to stop safely and deal with those outside influences
Use the experience to develop new methods for managing such influences prior to riding
Example
If you start to feel drowsy on a long motorway stint, pull into the next services for a break rather than pressing on. Consider IAMSaFE: Illness, Alcohol, Medication, Stress, Fatigue, Emotion.
Consistently evaluate your own performance, with a view to retaining and developing your skills
▶
From the Logbook
The IAM approach encourages self-reflection as a means to develop as an advanced rider
Always assess your motorcycle control and riding performance as if through the eyes of a third party
Consider the time of day, route and any negatives such as tiredness, stress, effects of prescription medication and traffic conditions
Have an understanding of how riding fits into your lifestyle and life goals
Example
After each ride, ask yourself: "Would my Observer have been happy with that?" Honest self-assessment is the key to continuous improvement.
Apply newfound knowledge in order to improve your riding performance
▶
From the Logbook
Advanced riders are constantly learning and developing
Always use any newfound knowledge to improve your riding performance
Example
If your Observer demonstrates a better bend approach on a particular road, practise that technique on your next solo ride to embed it.
The Vehicle
Conduct pre-ride checks correctly and ensure that machine maintenance is up to date
▶
From the Logbook
Have an ordered approach to checking your machine to a high standard; the primary concern is always safety
Modern machines have extended maintenance programmes; adhere to service schedules as you may cover a lot of miles between services
Even the most sophisticated checking systems will not detect every problem, so visual inspection is still required
If any doubts arise, have your machine checked by a professional
Example
Before every ride, run through a quick check of tyres, chain, lights, brakes and fluid levels. A two-minute check could prevent a breakdown or worse.
Know the performance and safety features of your machine
▶
From the Logbook
Be aware of your machine's capabilities to remain safe and legal
Maximum appropriate acceleration will vary considerably from machine to machine
Be aware of safety features and aids fitted to your machine, and be prepared to explain them
Understand rider assistance systems, how they operate and when it is appropriate to adjust or temporarily disable them
Know which warning lights should come on at start-up and when they should go off
Example
Know what your ABS, traction control and riding modes do. If a red warning light appears mid-ride, stop and investigate as soon as safe. If amber, check at your next stop.
Understand the purpose of and conclusions from a moving brake test
▶
From the Logbook
A modern machine may display a warning light for brake failure, but obstructions or outside influences won't be monitored
Conduct a moving brake test at low speed to safely assess that the machine pulls up evenly on both wheels with no adverse effect
Notice if the braking system makes any untoward noises
Know the required pressure on the controls to slow and stop, and be aware of tyre performance in the given conditions
Example
Shortly after setting off, gently apply both brakes at low speed on a quiet, straight road. The machine should pull up evenly without pulling to one side.
Recognise the issues when riding an unfamiliar machine
▶
From the Logbook
When riding an unfamiliar machine, be aware of any features that may affect your ability to ride it
Adjust your riding accordingly until you are comfortable with the machine's characteristics
Example
Switching from a sports bike to an adventure bike changes your centre of gravity, braking feel and riding position. Take time to familiarise yourself before riding with pace.
The Journey
Understand that the purpose of your journey and the time available may influence your riding and decision making
▶
From the Logbook
Always consider the purpose of the journey and whether it is likely to change
Be aware that if time is short, that may become the focus of your concentration and affect your decision-making
You should not become less willing to share space nor more aggressive in your communication
By recognising these changes at an early stage, you can manage them effectively
Example
An observed ride may become a ride to visit friends or pick up a pillion, so priorities may change. If you are running late, do not let time pressure push you into riskier decisions.
Understand that route choice and planning will influence the way you ride
▶
From the Logbook
Consider your knowledge of the route and the possible effects of how you choose to get there
If the bypass is closed and you have to go through the town centre unexpectedly, how might that affect your approach?
If you are relying on sat-nav and it fails, can you deal with it?
Example
If your usual route is closed due to roadworks, have a mental backup plan rather than blindly following a diversion that takes you onto unfamiliar roads while distracted.
The Wider World
Consider the range of influences that may impact on your riding
▶
From the Logbook
Consider whether your peer group's view of how to behave on the road differs from that of a careful, competent rider
How peer group pressure might influence your attitudes and behaviour when riding
Consider your focus when riding: a courier under pressure will ride differently from someone out for a gentle ride
Example
On a group ride, if others are riding faster than you are comfortable with, ride your own ride. Do not let peer pressure push you beyond your limits.
Understand how attitude to risk may affect riding choices
▶
From the Logbook
A thrill-seeking, try-anything-once approach to life can easily translate into risk-taking behaviour on the road, which is unacceptable in an advanced rider
Pause to consider the negative consequences of any risk-taking behaviour
Effectively manage any behaviour that may lead to inappropriate risk-taking
Example
Before committing to an aggressive overtake or a fast corner entry, pause mentally and ask: "What's the worst that could happen?" If the answer involves a collision, hold back.
2. IPSGA and Timing of IPSGA ▼
Apply IPSGA appropriately
▶
From the Logbook
On approach to any hazard, consider each stage of IPSGA in sequence: Information, Position, Speed, Gear, Acceleration
As circumstances change and new information becomes available, revisit the system at the appropriate stage
A hazard is "anything which contains an element of actual or potential danger"
IPSGA promotes careful Observation, sensible Anticipation and accurate Planning (OAP)
Example
Approaching a right-hand turn: gather information (mirrors, signals, road layout), position towards the centre, adjust speed, select the correct gear, then accelerate smoothly out of the turn.
Time IPSGA correctly
▶
From the Logbook
The correct timing of IPSGA is paramount in achieving a safe, smooth ride
A riding plan is made on a combination of what can be seen, what cannot be seen and circumstances that can reasonably be expected to develop
Advanced riding is about making the level of progress required for the particular journey safely in the given conditions
Example
Complete braking before selecting gear, and have the gear engaged before entering a bend. Rushed or overlapping phases create instability and reduce your ability to respond to new information.
3. Core Riding Skills ▼
Information
Demonstrate early and accurate identification and anticipation of hazards by raising and expanding vision
▶
From the Logbook
Lift your vision and look in all directions for early signs of potential problems
On identifying a hazard, plan to deal with the situation
Use your mirrors to link information on the hazard to what's happening behind
Always check both ways at junctions
At roundabouts, be aware of danger to the right and of other traffic entering at speed
Be aware of responding emergency vehicles
Example
By looking ahead and scanning back, you give yourself more time to respond to the situation ahead. This scanning, or visual sweeping, should be a continuous process. Look across a bend so you can better plan how to deal with it.
Check the appropriate mirrors before altering your position or speed
▶
From the Logbook
Before slowing, check the appropriate mirror
If necessary, check both mirrors
To move out, check offside mirror; to move in, check nearside mirror
Use blind-spot checks (shoulder checks) where appropriate
The overall aim is to maintain a safe operating space or "safety bubble"
Example
Before braking for a roundabout, glance in your mirrors to see what is behind you. If a vehicle is close behind, consider showing brake lights earlier to warn them.
Through observation, be aware of how other road users may affect your decisions
▶
From the Logbook
Give extra space to vulnerable road users, such as cyclists, pedestrians and horse riders
Always be prepared to share or give up space for safety
Use observation links to anticipate how your riding may be affected (e.g. bins at the roadside, a church steeple in the distance)
Prioritise hazards: consider which is closest and which presents the greatest risk, and deal with the most important first
Example
Bins on the kerb means the collection lorry may be ahead. A church steeple in the distance means a village is approaching - limit your speed accordingly.
Use all appropriate signals to communicate with other road users
▶
From the Logbook
Be aware that motorcycle position assists communication
Give signals in a timely fashion to communicate intentions
Use indicators, brake lights and even arm signals if required
Look at other drivers and riders to communicate, not just at the vehicles
Only use headlamps or horn to alert another road user to your presence, never as a rebuke
Example
A flash of headlamps could be interpreted as a warning or an invitation. Be mindful that signals can be misinterpreted, so reinforce your intention with position and speed changes.
Position
Demonstrate smooth, accurate steering
▶
From the Logbook
It is just as important to accurately steer your motorcycle to a chosen course as it is to have the correct course in the first place
Achieve your planned position in a controlled and effective manner
The machine can be turned by a number of different inputs to the handlebars
Ensure these inputs are accurate and applied progressively to achieve the desired outcome
Example
Aim for a smooth transition to your desired course. Coarse or inappropriate steering inputs are likely to place the machine in a different area to the one planned.
Understand the benefit of positive (counter) steering and how to use it
▶
From the Logbook
Your Observer will give you an overview of the physics involved in a motorcycle turning
You will receive a full explanation of how and why positive steering is so effective
Counter-steering is the primary method of initiating turns at speed on a motorcycle
Example
At anything above walking pace, gently pushing the right handlebar forward will cause the bike to lean and turn right. Understanding this principle gives you precise, confident steering inputs.
Steer the machine appropriately to maintain Safety, Stability and Vision
▶
From the Logbook
Awareness gained from your Observer will help you understand the likely effects of destabilising your motorcycle
Coarse or inappropriate steering inputs are likely to place the machine in a different area to the one planned
The aim is a smooth transition to the desired course
Example
When positioning for a bend, make your steering input early and progressively. A sudden swerve mid-corner reduces stability and compromises your view through the bend.
Speed
Demonstrate smooth deceleration and accurate use of 'acceleration sense'
▶
From the Logbook
Acceleration sense is the ability to vary machine speed by accurate use of the throttle, so that you use the brakes less or not at all
When increasing speed, a smooth application of the throttle assists in balancing the machine
When slowing down, a controlled release of the throttle maintains stability
Your brake lights may be needed to communicate; acceleration sense may not be appropriate in certain circumstances
Example
If traffic ahead is slowing gradually, ease off the throttle and let engine braking bring your speed down rather than reaching for the brakes. But if a vehicle is close behind, show brake lights to warn them.
Demonstrate smooth and accurate progressive braking
▶
From the Logbook
Use gentle pressure on the lever and pedal to settle the machine onto its front suspension
Use firmer braking to lose speed as required
Gently release pressure to allow the suspension to resettle
Although described in three stages, ensure a smooth, progressive and seamless transition
Adjust front to rear brake balance and application for machine load, road surface or weather conditions
Example
Think of braking in three phases: set up (light pressure), main braking (firm), and trail off (gentle release). The result should feel like one smooth, continuous action rather than three separate steps.
Bring your machine to a controlled stop with the appropriate foot to the floor
▶
From the Logbook
In the last stages of stopping, decide which foot to use to balance the machine when stationary
Left foot down retains control of the rear brake until standstill but requires a shuffle to change gear before moving off
Right foot down allows gear selection without shuffling but gives up rear brake control in the latter stages
The ability to use either foot or both feet is advantageous if road conditions dictate
The important outcome is that the machine comes to a controlled stop and is balanced effectively
Example
Practice putting both feet down at different times. Being comfortable with either foot means you can adapt to camber, road surface, or the need to keep the rear brake applied at a junction.
Gear
Demonstrate an ability to select the correct gear on every occasion
▶
From the Logbook
Make smooth and accurate gear changes at all times
Being able to engage the required gear without using drive in an intermediate gear (block changing) may be advantageous
Block changing is an option, rather than an ongoing requirement
Example
If you are in 5th gear and need 2nd for a roundabout, you can block change directly from 5th to 2nd rather than going through each gear sequentially. Select the gear that matches your current speed.
Make all gear changes smoothly, matching engine revolutions where appropriate
▶
From the Logbook
Employ a rev on the down change or sustained throttle pressure to match engine revs to road speed for a smooth transition
When speeds are low, rev matching may not be required; the aim is to make the transition smooth
Know the approximate performance of your machine in each gear
Preferably select any gear without engaging an intermediate gear (block changing)
Example
When changing down from 4th to 3rd, blip the throttle as you release the clutch to match engine speed to road speed. This prevents the machine lurching and maintains smooth progress.
Automatic motorcycles - use the vehicle's gear selector to its best advantage
▶
From the Logbook
Be aware of how to correctly select gears using handlebar switches
Be aware of additional functions and modes
Be able to describe circumstances in which a manual selection of a gear may assist
The machine handbook will detail whether neutral needs to be selected when stationary
Be aware of additional rider selectable modes that may affect machine performance
Example
On a DCT-equipped machine, you might manually select a lower gear before entering a series of bends for more responsive drive, rather than leaving it entirely to the automatic system.
Electric motorcycles - allow the machine to stabilise
▶
From the Logbook
Generally, electric motorcycles only have one forward gear
The secondary use of the gear phase in the system is to stabilise the machine
Consideration of a gear that is not required will fulfil this need for stabilisation
Example
On an electric motorcycle, use the gear phase of IPSGA as a deliberate pause to allow the machine to settle after speed adjustment, even though no physical gear change is needed.
Acceleration
Accelerate smoothly when vision and speed limits permit
▶
From the Logbook
Apply the correct degree of acceleration to leave the hazard safely
Acceleration should be brisk and businesslike, with due regard to speed limits, weather and traffic conditions
Consider eco riding: is it necessary to gain speed quickly? Is a higher gear more appropriate?
Example
After clearing a junction, accelerate firmly but smoothly up to an appropriate speed. Don't dawdle, but equally don't snatch the throttle. The impression should be "brisk and businesslike".
4. Bends ▼
Information
Actively scan the road to the limit point in the distance and back
▶
From the Logbook
By looking ahead and scanning back, you give yourself more time to respond to the situation ahead
This scanning, or visual sweeping, should be a continuous process
Look across a bend to better plan how to deal with it; you may see other vehicles and further hazards
Look for hedge or tree lines and lamp posts that may indicate the severity of the bend
Example
As you approach a bend, scan from the limit point back towards your machine repeatedly. If you can see lamp posts curving sharply away, the bend is tighter than it first appears.
Build awareness of other road users' position and activity
▶
From the Logbook
Be aware of signs and signals from other road users
The more you can see of the side profile of other vehicles through a bend, the sharper the bend is
Notice the speed of other road users, as this may indicate the severity of a bend
If the vehicle in front is showing brake lights, this may indicate a problem through the bend
Look at the position of approaching road users, as this may indicate a change of speed or position is required
Example
If an oncoming car appears to be showing a lot of its side profile as it comes around a bend, the bend is sharper than expected. Adjust your speed before committing.
Position
Position correctly on the approach to a bend
▶
From the Logbook
Safety must not be compromised when positioning for a bend (Safety)
Achieve the correct position smoothly without destabilising the machine (Stability)
In a right-hand bend, a position towards the nearside will usually afford a better view, but be aware of nearside hazards (Vision)
In a left-hand bend, a position towards the offside of your lane will usually afford a better view, but be aware of conflict with oncoming traffic (Vision)
The presence of other road users or physical features such as junctions may affect your position
Example
For a right-hand bend, move towards the left side of your lane to maximise your view through the curve. But if there is a muddy verge or debris on the nearside, prioritise safety over the wider view.
Position correctly throughout the bend without compromising safety
▶
From the Logbook
Where view permits, it may be safe to take a straighter line through a bend
It may be possible to do this within the confines of one lane with no effect on other road users
You must have an unhindered view of the road surface and both kerbs, to be certain there are no unseen hazards
Always check mirrors and appropriate blind spot before straightening a bend
If in doubt, do not straighten
Example
On a clear, open bend with good visibility and no other traffic, you may straighten the line slightly within your lane. But if you cannot see both kerbs clearly, maintain the standard line and do not attempt to straighten.
Speed
Use the limit points correctly and be able to stop within the distance seen to be clear on your own side of the road
▶
From the Logbook
Use IPSGA correctly and match the limit point of vision to your speed of approach to give a safe speed
Adjust speed in good time to allow time to select the appropriate gear
Match speed to the rate at which the limit point appears to move (static, moving or matched)
On a left-hand bend, the limit point is on the far side of the road; safe stopping distance is marked by the centre line
Example
If the limit point appears to be getting closer, you are approaching too fast and must slow down. When the limit point appears to move away from you, the bend is opening and you can consider accelerating.
Use appropriate speed to negotiate the bend safely
▶
From the Logbook
Maintain machine stability and be aware of any hazards when negotiating bends
Continually reassess the limit point by scanning ahead, back and across the bend
Adjust speed as necessary based on changing information
Example
A damaged road surface or mud on the road demands a slower speed for safe entry to a bend than is normally required. Similarly, if vulnerable road users are near the hazard, reduce speed further.
Gear
Select and engage the appropriate gear for the speed and circumstances
▶
From the Logbook
Consider which gear will be both flexible and responsive without causing the engine to labour or over-rev
Look ahead and plan to maintain the appropriate gear for future hazards
On an automatic, allow time for a gear to select or manually select one if appropriate
On a fully electric machine, consider the gear phase to allow the machine to balance after the speed phase
Example
Select a gear that gives you enough flexibility to accelerate out of the bend or slow further if needed. Being in too high a gear means the engine labours; too low and it over-revs.
Acceleration
Maintain a positive throttle
▶
From the Logbook
Apply the throttle gently to allow your machine to maintain speed and stability through the corner
You may need to vary this depending on the severity of the corner and changing circumstances
Example
A positive throttle does not mean accelerating hard. It means maintaining just enough drive to keep the machine stable and balanced through the curve, avoiding a closed or snatched throttle mid-bend.
Accelerate to an appropriate speed in relation to hazards
▶
From the Logbook
Accelerate when improving vision and prevailing speed limits allow, taking into account any future hazards
Make all acceleration smoothly, without coarse adjustments
This is best described as "brisk and businesslike"
Example
As the bend opens and the limit point moves away, smoothly increase speed. But if there is another bend shortly after, temper your acceleration to be ready for the next approach.
5. Junctions and Roundabouts ▼
Information
Identify the type of junction system you are approaching
▶
From the Logbook
Signs on approach to a roundabout detail its size, the location and often the angle of exits
On a large roundabout, give priority to traffic from the right
On a mini roundabout, give way to traffic from the right and give priority to traffic closely approaching
Assess a series of mini roundabouts individually
T-junctions and left and right turns will be signposted; stop or give way at a T-junction
Example
Read the advance signs: a large roundabout sign shows how many exits and their angles. This information helps you plan your position, speed and lane choice well before arrival.
Monitor your speed and distance on approach
▶
From the Logbook
Monitor your speed on approach, especially if the junction is at the end of a motorway slip road or national speed limit road
Allow time to gather the relevant information and make a suitable plan on approach
Planning to stop sometimes allows sufficient time to gather information and proceed safely without stopping
Example
After leaving a 70 mph dual carriageway, your perception of speed may be skewed. Check your speedometer and reduce speed progressively so you arrive at the junction at a manageable pace.
Assess the speed and position of other road users
▶
From the Logbook
Scan all road users' movements to anticipate intentions
Make appropriate decisions on whether to give way or take precedence
Having entered a roundabout, remain aware of traffic joining from other entry points
If a junction has limited vision in any direction, be prepared to slow down or stop to gain information
Be particularly mindful of vulnerable road users
Example
Watch the wheels of waiting vehicles at junctions - wheel movement is the earliest indicator that a vehicle is about to pull out, even before you can see the vehicle moving.
Identify hazards and prepare for situations that may arise
▶
From the Logbook
Use visual clues to predict possible hazards and prepare for situations that may arise
Prioritise your response to any hazard in a safe, controlled manner
Example
A school sign near a junction means children may be crossing. A pub car park exit near a roundabout means vehicles may emerge unexpectedly. Anticipate and plan for the worst case.
Identify the best position to enter, negotiate and leave the junction or roundabout
▶
From the Logbook
Use the information gathered to make the right plan to deal with entry to a roundabout, a route around it, and exit
Consider lane markings, traffic flow and where you need to be for your exit
Example
For a third-exit turn at a large roundabout, plan your lane for entry, check which lanes serve your exit, and position accordingly. Know where you will be at every stage.
Check mirrors and blind spots before deciding on your actions
▶
From the Logbook
Make effective use of mirrors and check blind spots before taking actions such as changing speed, lane or direction
Use mirror and blind-spot information to decide whether or not to use signals
Example
Before changing lane on a roundabout, check both mirrors and a shoulder check to the nearside. A cyclist or another motorcycle could be filtering in your blind spot.
Consider your signals prior to changing position
▶
From the Logbook
Apply signals in good time, taking care not to mislead or confuse other road users
Take care to signal correctly so as not to mislead others
Remain vigilant, never assuming that other road users' signals are accurate
Example
At a roundabout, do not signal left until you have passed the exit before yours. Early signalling can mislead others into thinking you are taking an earlier exit.
Accurately identify the first entry gap that is safe to use
▶
From the Logbook
By timing arrival correctly, it may be possible to keep moving onto the roundabout
If it is necessary to rush into a gap, waiting may have been a better option
Example
Adjust your approach speed so you arrive at the give-way line just as a safe gap appears. This avoids stopping unnecessarily while ensuring you never rush into a gap that is too small.
Identify the correct exit and look for an early view into the exit road
▶
From the Logbook
Look to exit by using road signs, counting other exits or using sat-nav instructions, and position appropriately
Be aware of other road users around you when positioning for your exit
Look for an early view into the exit route to put a plan in place to deal with any hazard
Example
As you pass the exit before yours, glance into your exit road. If there is a queue of traffic or a pedestrian crossing, you will already be prepared to adjust speed as you leave the roundabout.
Position
Adopt the appropriate position without causing others to alter course or speed
▶
From the Logbook
On identifying the type of junction, decide what position to take for the chosen route
An early adoption of the correct position will be beneficial
Take a straight line through a roundabout if safe and no other road users are present
Check mirrors and/or blind spots prior to taking such a line
On a mini roundabout, avoid riding on a painted disc
Example
Move to your chosen position smoothly and early enough that other road users can see your intention. If traffic is queuing, consider using the lane of least resistance, provided road markings allow it.
Speed
Accurately adjust speed in relation to the physical features of the junction or roundabout and traffic flow
▶
From the Logbook
The tightness of a turn, any positive or negative camber, and the physical size and offset of a roundabout will influence speed
Speed is also influenced by other road users on, or likely to join, the roundabout
Rushing into a gap but then having to slow down may cause problems for other road users
Approach junctions at a speed that allows safe compliance with a give way or stop sign
Example
A tight mini roundabout with a camber requires much lower speed than a large, well-banked roundabout. Read the physical features and adjust speed before you arrive, not when you get there.
Gear
Select and engage the appropriate gear for the speed and circumstances
▶
From the Logbook
Consider which gear will be both flexible and responsive without causing the engine to labour or over-rev
Try to engage a gear suitable for the whole roundabout
Change gear (if required) while the machine direction is fixed
In most circumstances, use first gear to move away from stationary
Example
On a medium roundabout, second gear often provides enough flexibility for the whole manoeuvre. Avoid changing gear mid-turn as this can unsettle the machine.
Acceleration
Maintain correct acceleration application on entering, negotiating and leaving the junction or roundabout
▶
From the Logbook
Once the correct entry speed is achieved, use the throttle to maintain or adjust it
If conditions allow, increase speed and accelerate away from the junction or roundabout
Example
Maintain a steady throttle while on the roundabout for stability. As you straighten onto your exit road, accelerate briskly and smoothly to match the speed of traffic on the new road.
6. Overtaking ▼
Information
Identify a safe imminent opportunity to overtake
▶
From the Logbook
Look as far down the road as possible to check for hazards
Read and respond to road signs and markings
Check hedges for breaks in shadows that might signify an entrance
Use mirrors to link the developing potential of the overtake to information behind and to the sides
Always be prepared to cancel the manoeuvre if circumstances change
Example
Before committing, scan the road ahead for junctions, lay-bys, brows and bends. Check for gaps in hedgerows that could indicate hidden entrances. If in any doubt, delay the overtake and reassess.
Identify a safe return gap
▶
From the Logbook
During a multi-vehicle overtake, decide how many vehicles to overtake before committing
Identify a safe return gap that will not affect other traffic
If the gap is likely to close, the overtake is not viable
Be aware of any negative effect you may have on other drivers
Example
Before moving out, identify exactly where you will return to the nearside. If two vehicles are close together with no gap between them, plan to overtake both or wait for a better opportunity.
Accurately judge the difference between your speed and that of the vehicle(s) you plan to overtake
▶
From the Logbook
Accurately assess speed and position in relation to the vehicle(s) to be overtaken and the distance to the next hazard
Be realistic about achieving sufficient speed difference to overtake safely within the speed limit
Never plan to exceed the speed limit; if the other vehicle is close to the limit, overtaking may not be legal
Example
If a car ahead is doing 55 mph on a 60 mph road, the speed differential is small and you may need a long stretch of clear road. If it is doing 40 mph, the overtake will be quicker and require less distance.
Position
Adopt the overtaking position - Stage 1
▶
From the Logbook
Be in a safe following position first, in line with Highway Code advice
When safe and appropriate, move into an overtaking position; this is closer than a regular following position but safety must always be prioritised
Be prepared to drop back if circumstances change
Remaining in the overtaking position can cause the driver in front to be distracted and focus on you in their mirrors
Example
From the following position (two seconds back), move closer and towards the centre line to increase your view ahead. If the overtake does not develop, drop back to the following position and try again later.
Move out towards the offside - Stage 2
▶
From the Logbook
When safe, move out towards the offside, keeping the motorcycle stable and matching speed with the vehicle to be overtaken
Continually update information and be prepared to abort if circumstances change
From this position, make the overtake when safe
Example
Move out smoothly towards the offside to gain a clear view of the road ahead. If it is safe, commit to the overtake. If a hazard appears, smoothly return to your lane.
Allow a safe gap between vehicles - Stage 2
▶
From the Logbook
Allow a safe gap between your machine and the vehicle you are going to pass
If the road is narrow, consider the likely reaction before starting the manoeuvre
Be particularly aware of vulnerable road users
This safe gap also applies to parked vehicles
Example
Leave at least a door's width between you and the vehicle you are passing. On narrow roads, the gap may be smaller but you need to be confident the other driver has seen you and will not move out.
Move into the chosen return gap - Stage 3
▶
From the Logbook
If other vehicles are in view, display clear intent that you are returning to your own side of the road
Make sure you can move into the return gap without causing other road users to alter course or speed
Complete the return to the nearside in a controlled fashion
Avoid cutting in too close to the overtaken vehicle
Example
After passing, signal left and return smoothly to the nearside. Do not cut back in sharply in front of the overtaken vehicle. Allow enough room so they do not have to brake.
Speed
Control speed to safely complete the overtake
▶
From the Logbook
Maintain speed with the vehicle being overtaken until ready to start the overtake
Adjust speed so the overtake can be completed in the available clear road space, within the posted speed limit
Advanced riders do not plan to exceed the speed limit
Example
Match the speed of the vehicle ahead while in the overtaking position. When you commit, accelerate decisively but stay within the speed limit. If you cannot complete the overtake legally, do not start it.
Adjust speed to safely return to the nearside of the road
▶
From the Logbook
Adjust speed so as not to inconvenience other road users when returning to the nearside of the road
Example
After completing the overtake, ease back to a normal speed smoothly. Do not brake sharply in front of the vehicle you have just passed.
Gear
Select and engage the correct gear for your chosen speed and the prevailing circumstances
▶
From the Logbook
Consider which gear will be both flexible and responsive without causing the engine to labour or over-rev
Try to engage a gear suitable for the whole overtake
If a gear change is required, try not to make it while alongside the vehicle being overtaken
Example
Select the gear before committing to the overtake. Changing gear while alongside another vehicle wastes time on the wrong side of the road and can unsettle the machine.
Acceleration
Apply the correct acceleration to complete the overtake
▶
From the Logbook
Acceleration should be smooth and progressive throughout the overtake and return to the nearside
Make a considered effort to complete the manoeuvre within the shortest possible time, but within the speed limit
Example
Accelerate firmly and smoothly past the vehicle. The aim is to minimise the time spent on the wrong side of the road while keeping the manoeuvre controlled and within the speed limit.
7. Motorways and Dual Carriageways ▼
Information
Identify and use signs in planning your riding
▶
From the Logbook
Extend and widen your vision to obtain early information from signs to assist decision making
Be able to identify whether you are entering a motorway or a dual carriageway
Motorways have blue-backed signs with additional regulations prohibiting vulnerable road users
Dual carriageways have green- or white-backed signs and can be used by all road users unless signed otherwise
Smart or managed motorways have overhead gantries conveying information such as lane closures or variable speed limits
Example
Blue signs mean motorway rules apply (no learners, no cyclists, no pedestrians). Green signs mean dual carriageway where any road user may be present. This fundamental difference should shape your entire approach.
Gather information on traffic flow when entering a new road
▶
From the Logbook
On approach to a motorway, it may be possible to see the carriageway above or below to help gather information on traffic flow
If traffic is at a standstill, try to identify the problem early enough to choose an alternative route
While in the slip road, try to obtain an early view of traffic and carry out blind-spot checks, especially for other motorcycles
Assess the speed of approaching vehicles and identify an entry gap early
Example
On the slip road, look over the barrier to assess traffic speed and density on the main carriageway. Identify a gap early and adjust your speed to slot into it smoothly.
Check mirrors before changing speed or position on a motorway or dual carriageway
When changing lanes, use mirrors to accurately assess the speed of approaching traffic
Link what is in the mirror to the hazards developing ahead to remain safe
High-speed traffic from the rear is relevant to decision making even when still a long way behind
Example
Before pulling out to overtake, check both mirrors and do a shoulder check. A fast-approaching vehicle in the outside lane may be hard to judge in the mirrors alone at motorway speeds.
Communicate effectively with other road users
▶
From the Logbook
The position you adopt may begin to communicate intentions to other road users
Use well-timed signals to reinforce this
Promote safe sharing of road space by identifying problems early and actively communicating
Example
Applying brake lights early can alert a following driver to a problem ahead, such as slowing traffic. Your road position and signals together form a clear message about your intentions.
Anticipate the movements of other road users
▶
From the Logbook
Traffic joining from a slip road may be travelling at a slower speed; be prepared to change lanes
Avoid being immediately beside joining traffic; identify junctions early to plan ahead
On a dual carriageway, joining traffic may be slow to accelerate
Traffic leaving may slow considerably, causing passing traffic to displace into offside lanes
Large goods vehicles are limited to 60 mph; smaller vehicles behind them may pull out into your path
Example
If you see a slip road ahead, move to the outside lane early to give joining traffic space. This avoids being caught in the blind spot of a vehicle merging at a different speed.
Gather appropriate exit information
▶
From the Logbook
Motorways typically have a signing system giving early warning of junctions
Dual carriageways tend to offer more limited exit information
If countdown markers are present, they are usually equidistant and 100 yards apart
Exits may be very sharp or from the offside lane
It may be necessary to slow and display brake lights earlier if exiting a dual carriageway to a sharp exit
Example
Use the three, two, one countdown markers to prepare. On a dual carriageway, exits can be at 90 degrees with no slip road, so start planning your exit much earlier than you would on a motorway.
Position
Adopt an appropriate entry position
▶
From the Logbook
Make safe use of the entry slip road to build up speed and position alongside a gap
Avoid being alongside any vehicle when they get to the main carriageway, to allow them to maintain their "safety bubble"
Example
Use the full length of the slip road to build speed. Aim to merge into a gap without being alongside another vehicle at the point where the slip road joins the main carriageway.
Use the nearside lane whenever possible
▶
From the Logbook
Monitor position and speed of other road users to enter the nearside lane as soon as practicable
All riders and drivers should travel in the nearside lane unless overtaking slower-moving vehicles
Do not move into the nearside lane if you would have to move straight back out again
Avoid staying in the overtaking lane attempting to enforce the speed limit
Example
After completing an overtake, return to the nearside lane as soon as a sensible gap appears. Do not "lane hog" in lane two or three when lane one is clear.
Adopt an appropriate following position
▶
From the Logbook
Maintain your "safety bubble" with a following gap of at least two seconds
Adjust this gap to avoid being alongside other traffic for a prolonged period
Increase the gap if safety demands it (e.g. stopping distances are longer in wet weather)
In heavy traffic, extend following distance to allow vehicles to move in and out, avoiding repeated braking
Example
At 70 mph, two seconds covers about 63 metres. In rain, double it. If you can see a lorry's mirrors, the driver can see you. If you cannot, you are too close.
Plan an appropriate overtaking position
▶
From the Logbook
Avoid being alongside the vehicle being overtaken for any longer than necessary
Move to the nearside lane as soon as overtaking is complete
Avoid being alongside another vehicle that is itself overtaking
Example
If a lorry is overtaking another lorry, hold back until a safe gap appears rather than sitting alongside. Being sandwiched between two large vehicles in high winds is particularly hazardous on a motorcycle.
Position to maintain a safe space and gain the best view
▶
From the Logbook
Always position with enough space around to remain safe and to be seen
Stay far enough behind an HGV to see its mirrors, or the driver will not see you
Adjust your position to see beyond other traffic to help with planning
Example
Increasing your following gap behind a group of large vehicles may allow you to see beyond them and plan your next move. Position in the lane to maximise your view of the road ahead.
Position safely when exiting
▶
From the Logbook
Achieve a safe exit gap in the appropriate lane in good time to avoid affecting other road users
Example
Move to the nearside lane well before your exit. A last-minute lane change across traffic at motorway speed is dangerous and disrupts the flow for everyone behind you.
Exit to the appropriate lane of the slip road
▶
From the Logbook
Use the appropriate lane for your continuing journey
Ensure that any signals you give are updated as necessary
Example
If the slip road splits into two lanes for a roundabout, choose the correct lane for your intended direction early and signal your intentions clearly.
Speed
Accurately adjust speed to match the identified entry gap
▶
From the Logbook
Use acceleration sense to achieve the right speed to match your identified entry gap
Example
On the slip road, build speed to match the flow on the main carriageway. Arriving too slowly means you cannot merge safely; too fast and you overshoot your gap.
Balance progress with restraint
▶
From the Logbook
Traffic, road surface and speed limits will all affect your ability to make progress
Look beyond the vehicle you are following and adjust speed using acceleration sense instead of braking
Recognise when it is necessary to show brake lights to warn following traffic
Wind may affect high-sided vehicles and motorcycles, causing unexpected lane changes
Spray from large vehicles can make it difficult to see or be seen when overtaking
Example
On a clear, dry motorway, make steady progress. In heavy rain with spray, increase following distance, reduce speed and be prepared for vehicles changing lanes suddenly due to reduced visibility.
Exit at the appropriate speed
▶
From the Logbook
Accurately adjust speed to match the identified exit gap, ideally using acceleration sense
Try to avoid entering your chosen gap and braking, as following traffic may brake in response
An automatic motorcycle may slow down less quickly when the throttle is closed
Allow time to adjust to the slower speed required at the end of the exit slip
On a dual carriageway, it may be necessary to start slowing early and display brake lights if the exit is sharp
Example
After leaving the main carriageway at 70 mph, use the slip road to progressively reduce speed. Check your speedometer, as your perception of speed will be skewed after sustained high-speed riding.
Stop appropriately in an emergency
▶
From the Logbook
If stopping in an emergency, try to enter the hard shoulder before braking to reduce risk
When rejoining, build up speed on the hard shoulder to match nearside lane traffic
Be able to identify when an apparent hard shoulder is actually a live lane (e.g. smart motorways or roadworks)
Example
On a smart motorway with no hard shoulder, use an emergency refuge area. If you must stop on a live lane, hazard lights on immediately and exit the vehicle to stand behind the barrier.
Gear
Select the correct gear for the chosen speed in the given circumstances
▶
From the Logbook
Aim to have enough flexibility to deal with circumstances without constantly changing gear
On many machines, more than one gear may be appropriate for a given situation
Consider higher gears for eco riding as long as they provide adequate performance
On an automatic, understand how the machine performs when you change gear based on throttle pressure
Example
At a steady 70 mph in top gear, you have fuel economy but limited acceleration. If you anticipate needing to overtake, drop a gear before moving out so you have the performance available immediately.
Acceleration
Apply appropriate acceleration
▶
From the Logbook
Display acceleration sense to achieve speed and lane changes wherever possible
Accelerate smoothly when circumstances allow a higher speed
If using cruise control, be able to cancel it without affecting other road users
Example
Use acceleration sense to adjust speed for lane changes rather than braking. If you have cruise control engaged, know where the cancel button is so you can deactivate it smoothly without snatching at the controls.
8. Low-Speed Riding ▼
Ride at walking pace under control
▶
From the Logbook
Good control over the clutch and accelerator is essential for safe slow-speed riding
Riding at walking pace is a way to practise balancing the controls
The rear brake gently applied will steady the machine and assist with keeping it upright
Ride at walking pace, speed up and slow to walking pace
▶
From the Logbook
This is a development of riding at walking pace under control
Mastering this allows you to progress in slow-moving traffic without constantly putting your foot down
Practise in a controlled environment but carry through into everyday riding
Bring your motorcycle to a controlled stop, left foot down
▶
From the Logbook
Bring your machine to a stop in a controlled fashion with one foot placed to the floor
Left foot down gives the advantage of retaining control of the rear brake until standstill
However, a shuffle of feet is required if you need to change gear before moving off
Bring your motorcycle to a controlled stop, right foot down
▶
From the Logbook
It is beneficial to have options available even for the simplest of tasks
Right foot down allows a gear to be selected without any shuffle
On some modern machines, linked braking may apply rear brake from the front lever, negating the disadvantage
Perform a U-turn in the width of the road
▶
From the Logbook
The ability to turn a machine around in the road is a requirement of the DVSA novice test and a normal riding skill
Balance the throttle with the clutch and apply a small degree of rear brake to steady the bike
Confidence to apply steering to almost full lock is required
Pull away with lock applied
▶
From the Logbook
A sensible development once U-turns are confident
Useful when moving around stationary or slow-moving vehicles
Build up to full lock in manageable stages in a controlled area
Complete a simple slalom course through cones
▶
From the Logbook
We are looking for accuracy, not speed
Understand balance when manually handling a motorcycle
▶
From the Logbook
Even a lightweight supersport machine is heavy; understand the dynamics when pushing as well as riding
A motorcycle is designed to balance when upright and requires little effort in that position
If allowed to lean even slightly when stationary, the effort to keep it upright increases significantly
Manually handle a motorcycle into a parking bay
▶
From the Logbook
Putting a machine into a parking space backwards is safer when you have confidence
Paddling backwards while sitting astride is dangerous; manoeuvre while standing alongside the machine
Some prefer to hold both handlebars; others hold the handlebar and the seat or rear of the machine
Place a motorcycle on and off its centre stand (if fitted)
▶
From the Logbook
Familiarise yourself with the manufacturer's instructions for centre stand use
Some centre stands are designed for maintenance and not expected to be used daily
Safely deploying requires careful co-ordination of effort, not brute force
Place a motorcycle on and off its side stand
▶
From the Logbook
When lifting from the side stand, be aware of the extra effort required if the machine leans further due to road camber
Avoid having the side stand down when pushing the machine to prevent tripping
Some machines have devices preventing gear engagement with the side stand deployed, or springs that lift it automatically
Source: IAM Advanced Rider Course Logbook v7, 2025
